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. Wushu ( ), or Chinese, is a and complete martial art, as well as a full-contact. It has a long history in reference to Chinese martial arts. It was developed in after 1949 in an effort to standardize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts, yet attempts to structure the various decentralized martial arts traditions date back earlier, when the was established at in 1928. ' Wushu' is the term for 'martial arts' (武 'Wu' = military or martial, 術 'Shu' = art). In contemporary times, Wushu has become an sport through the (IWUF), which holds the every two years; the first World Championships were held in 1991 in.
The World Championships are held every four years subset, as well. Competitive Wushu is composed of two disciplines: and (散打; ).
But it has other disciplines, like self defense, breaking hard objects, and other related practices, that are not performed in competitions. Taolu involves patterns, acrobatic movements and techniques for which competitors are judged and given points according to specific rules. The forms comprise basic movements (stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps, and throws) based on aggregate categories of traditional Chinese martial art styles, and can be changed for competitions to highlight one's strengths. Competitive forms have time limits that can range from 1 minute, 20 seconds for some external styles, to over five minutes for internal styles.
(sometimes called ) is a modern fighting method and a full contact sport. Sanda contains, kicks ,. It has all the combat aspects of wushu. Sanda appears much like, or, but includes many more grappling techniques. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu. Contents. History In 1958, the government established the All-China Wushu Association as an umbrella organization to regulate martial arts training.
The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports took the lead in creating standardized forms for most of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu system that included standard forms, teaching curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the high school and university level.
This new system seeks to incorporate common elements from all styles and forms as well as the general ideas associated with Chinese martial arts. Stylistic concepts such as hard, soft, internal, external, as well as classifications based on schools such as Shaolin, Taiji, Wudang and others were all integrated into one system. Wushu became the government sponsored standard for the training in martial arts in China. The push for standardization continued leading to widespread adaptation. In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to teaching and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Research Institute of Wushu was established as the central authority for the research and administration of Wushu activities in China.
Changing government policies and attitudes towards sports in general lead to the closing of the (the central sports authority) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more -driven approach. As a result of these changing sociological factors within China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted by the. Contemporary taolu events.
A dual event (choreographed) Wushu events are performed using compulsory or individual routines in competition. Compulsory routines are those routines that have been already created for the athlete, resulting in each athlete performing basically the same set. Individual routines are routines that an athlete creates with the aid of his/her coach, while following certain rules for difficulty.
In addition to events for individual routines, some wushu competitions also feature dual and group events. The dual event, also called duilian (对练), is an event in which there is some form of sparring with weapons, or without weapons or even using bare hands against weapons. The dual event is usually spectacular and actions are choreographed beforehand. The group event, also known as jiti (集體), requires a group of people to perform together and smooth synchronization of actions are crucial. Usually, the group event also allows instrumental music to accompany the choreography during the performance. The carpet used for the group event is also larger than the one used for individual routines.
Previously, international wushu competitions most often used compulsory routines, while high-level competitions in China most often used individual routines. However, after the 2003 Wushu World Games in it was decided to opt for individual routines in international competition with nandu (難度; difficulty movements) integrating a maximum 2 point nandu score into the overall maximum score of 10. There is some controversy concerning the inclusion of nandu in wushu because many of the movements created for the specific events are not originally movements used in those styles. In addition the number of injuries which have resulted from the inclusion of these nandu have caused many people to question their inclusion. Those who support the new difficulty requirements follow the assertion that they help to progress the sport and improve the overall physical quality of the athletes. Barehanded (長拳 or ) refers to long-range extended wushu styles like (查拳), (華拳), Hongquan (洪拳; 'flood fist'), and (少林拳), but this wushu form is a modernized style derived from movements of these and other traditional styles. Is the most widely seen of the wushu forms, and includes speed, power, accuracy, and flexibility.
Changquan is difficult to perform, requiring great flexibility and athleticism, and is often practiced from a young age. All nandu movements must be made within 4 steps or it will not count for nandu points. (南拳 or ) refers to wushu styles originating in south (i.e., south of the, including (Hung Gar) (洪家拳), (Choy Li Fut) (蔡李佛拳), and (Wing Chun) (詠春拳). Many are known for vigorous, athletic movements with very stable, low stances and intricate hand movements. This wushu form is a modern style derived from movements of these and other traditional southern styles. Typically requires less flexibility and has fewer acrobatics than, but it also requires greater leg stability and power generation through leg and hip coordination. This event was created in 1960.
All nandu movements must be made within 4 steps or it will not count for nandu points. (太極拳, ) is a wushu style mistakenly famous for slow, relaxed movements, often seen as an exercise method for the elderly, and sometimes known as 'T'ai chi' in Western countries to those otherwise unfamiliar with wushu.
This wushu form (42 form) is a modern recompilation based on the (楊) style of, but also including movements of the (陳), (吳), (武), and (孫) styles. Competitive contemporary taiji is distinct from the traditional first form for styles it draws from, in that it typically involves difficult holds, balances, jumps and jump kicks. Modern competitive taiji requires good balance, flexibility and strength.
The traditional second forms however like cannon fist, are more difficult than the modern forms, But less known and usually taught to advanced students. Short weapons. 18 February 2010. Archived from on 30 August 2008. Wren, Christopher (1983-09-11). New York Times.
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Kuhn, Anthony (1998-10-16). Retrieved 2010-11-25. Further reading. by Jiang Bangjun and Emilio Alpanseque,. by Raymond Wu,., Liang, Shou-Yu and Wu, Wen-Ching, External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. A largest martial arts community online, Providing detailed information of all Martial Arts Styles, Martial Arts Competitions, Styles and Forms, Martial Arts Legends and Practitioners around the world.
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